Of the original C content in the feedstock broiler manure,<br>roughly 35% (BC350), 45% (BC400) and 50% (BC450) were<br>volatilized during pyrolysis. The volatile C species include<br>CO2, CO, CH4 and other hydrocarbons of various lengths<br>(data not shown). Similarly, considerable amounts of N<br>(40%, 50% and 55% of the amount in the feedstock) and S<br>(35%, 40% and 45%) were lost from the biochar fraction.<br>Both S and N containing compounds are known to be converted into species emitted in gaseous form during pyrolysis (e.g. NOx, NH3, HCN, HNCO, SO2, H2S, COS, CH4S)<br>(Ibarra et al. 1994; Paneque et al. 2017; Ren and Zhao 2012;<br>Ro et al. 2010). The volatilization increases as the severity<br>of the pyrolysis conditions increases (Song and Guo 2012),<br>as evidenced in the present study. Cantrell et al. (2012)<br>recorded 34% and 60% losses of C from the solid fraction<br>after pyrolysis of poultry litter at 350 and 700 °C, respectively. Corresponding losses for N were 34% and 79%, and<br>for S 43% and 60%. In the study of Song and Guo (2012),<br>the proportion of C lost as volatiles from poultry litter during pyrolysis increased from 35% to 60%, and that of N from<br>20% to nearly 100%, as the maximum process temperature<br>increased from 300 °C to 600 °C. In their study, the gaseous losses of S were negligible, regardless of the maximum<br>temperature used. Ro et al. (2010) also reported low losses<br>of S (
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